Rosemary
Salvia rosmarinus (/ˈsælviə ˌrɒsməˈraɪnəs/[3][4]), commonly known as rosemary, is a shrub with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves and white, pink, purple, or blue flowers. It is native to the Mediterranean region, as well as Portugal and Spain. Until 2017, it was known by the scientific name Rosmarinus officinalis (/ˌrɒsməˈraɪnəs əˌfɪsɪˈneɪlɪs/),[4] now a synonym.[5]
It is a member of the sage family Lamiaceae, which includes many other medicinal and culinary herbs. The name rosemary derives from Latin ros marinus (lit. 'dew of the sea').[6][7] Rosemary has a fibrous root system.[8]
Rosemary is an aromatic evergreen shrub with leaves similar to Tsuga needles. It is native to the Mediterranean region,[8] but is reasonably hardy in cool climates. Special cultivars like 'Arp' can withstand winter temperatures down to about −20 °C (−4 °F).[9] It can withstand droughts, surviving a severe lack of water for lengthy periods.[10] It is considered a potentially invasive species and its seeds are often difficult to start, with a low germination rate and relatively slow growth, but the plant can live as long as 35 years.[11][12]
Forms range from upright to trailing;[8] the upright forms can reach between 1.2–1.8 metres (4–6 ft) tall.[13] The leaves are evergreen, .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}2–4 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) long and 2–5 mm (1⁄16–3⁄16 in) broad, green above, and white below, with dense, short, woolly hair.[8]
The plant flowers in spring and summer in temperate climates, but the plants can be in constant bloom in warm climates; flowers are white, pink, purple or deep blue.[8] The branches are dotted with groups of 2 to 3 flowers down its length.[14] Rosemary also has a tendency to flower outside its normal flowering season; it has been known to flower as late as early December, and as early as mid-February (in the Northern Hemisphere).[15]
Salvia rosmarinus is now considered one of many hundreds of species in the genus Salvia.[2] Formerly it was placed in a much smaller genus, Rosmarinus, which contained only two to four species including R. officinalis,[16] which is now considered a synonym of S. rosmarinus. Salvia jordanii (formerly Rosmarinus eriocalyx) is a closely related species native to Iberia and the Maghreb of Africa.[17] Both the original and current genus names of the species were applied by the 18th-century naturalist and founding taxonomist Carl Linnaeus.[18] Elizabeth Kent noted in her Flora Domestica (1823), "The botanical name of this plant is compounded of two Latin words, signifying Sea-dew; and indeed Rosemary thrives best by the sea."[19]
It is native to the Mediterranean region, as well as Portugal and northwestern Spain.[20] It was first mentioned on cuneiform stone tablets as early as 5000 BCE.[21] The herb was naturalized in China as early as 220 CE,[8] during the late Han dynasty.[22]
Rosemary came to England at an unknown date, though it is likely that the Romans brought it when they invaded Britain in 43 CE. Even so, there are no viable records containing rosemary in Britain until the 8th century CE. This mention was in a document which was later credited to Charlemagne, who promoted the general usage of herbs and ordered rosemary specifically to be grown in monastic gardens and farms.[23]
There are no records of rosemary being properly naturalized in Britain until 1338, when cuttings were sent to Queen Philippa by her mother, Countess Joan of Hainault.[24][25] It was then planted in the garden of the old palace of Westminster. Since then, rosemary can be found in most English herbal texts.[26]
Rosemary finally arrived in the Americas with early European settlers in the beginning of the 17th century, and was soon spread to South America and distributed globally.[8]
Since it is attractive and drought-tolerant, rosemary is used as an ornamental plant in gardens and for xeriscape landscaping, especially in regions of Mediterranean climate.[8] It is considered easy to grow and pest-resistant. Rosemary can grow quite large and retain attractiveness for many years, can be pruned into formal shapes and low hedges, and has been used for topiary. It is easily grown in pots. The groundcover cultivars spread widely, with a dense and durable texture.[8]
In order to harvest from the plant, the bush should be matured 2–3 years to ensure it is large enough to withstand it.[27] The amount harvested should not exceed 20% of the growth in order to preserve the plant.[27]
Numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use.
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[29]
Aside from its usage in the fragrance industry, rosemary is not only used as a decorative plant in gardens, but also cultivated for practical applications, such as medicine and cooking. When the plant is fully grown, the leaves, twigs, and flowering apices are often extracted for use in these areas.[34] The leaves are used to flavor various foods, such as stuffing and roasted meats.[35] Rosemary, along with holly and ivy, was commonly used for Christmas decorations in the 17th century.[36]
Rosemary leaves are used as a flavoring in foods,[8] such as stuffing and roasted lamb, pork, chicken, and turkey. Fresh or dried leaves are used in traditional Mediterranean cuisine. They have a bitter, astringent taste and a characteristic aroma which complements many cooked foods. Herbal tea can be made from the leaves. When roasted with meats or vegetables, the leaves impart a mustard-like aroma with an additional fragrance of charred wood that goes well with barbecued foods.[citation needed]
In amounts typically used to flavor foods, such as one teaspoon (1 gram), rosemary provides no nutritional value.[37][38] Rosemary extract has been shown to improve the shelf life and heat stability of omega 3-rich oils which are prone to rancidity.[39] Rosemary is also an effective antimicrobial herb.[40]
Hungary water, which dates to the 14th century, was one of the first alcohol-based perfumes in Europe, and was primarily made from distilled rosemary.[41]
Rosemary oil[42] is used for purposes of fragrant bodily perfumes or to emit an aroma into a room. It is also burnt as incense, and used in shampoos and cleaning products.[citation needed]
Rosemary contains a number of phytochemicals, including rosmarinic acid, camphor, caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, carnosic acid, and carnosol.[43] Rosemary essential oil contains 10–20% camphor.[44]
Rosemary extract, specifically the type mainly consisting of carnosic acid and carnosol, is approved as a food antioxidant preservative in several countries. The E number is E392.[45]
Some research shows that rosemary oil may help stimulate hair growth in some cases. One of the studies investigating the clinical efficacy of rosemary oil in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia and comparing its effects with minoxidil 2% (a current standard of care medication), found no significant difference between study groups using either rosemary oil or minoxidil regarding hair count, either at month 3 or month 6 of treatment. The frequencies of dry hair, greasy hair, and dandruff were not found to be significantly different from baseline at either month 3 or month 6 trial in the groups. The frequency of scalp itching at the 3- and 6-month trial points was significantly higher compared with baseline in both groups, however, it was more frequent in the minoxidil group at both assessed endpoints.[46][47]
Rosemary was considered sacred to ancient Egyptians, Romans, and Greeks.[34] In Don Quixote (Part One, Chapter XVII), the fictional hero uses rosemary in his recipe for balm of fierabras.[48] It was written about by Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE)[49] and Pedanius Dioscorides (c. 40 CE to c. 90 CE), a Greek botanist (amongst other things). The latter talked about rosemary in his most famous writing, De Materia Medica, one of the most influential herbal books in history.[50]
The plant has been used as a symbol for remembrance during war commemorations and funerals in Europe and Australia.[51] Mourners would throw it into graves as a symbol of remembrance for the dead. In Australia, sprigs of rosemary are worn on ANZAC Day and sometimes Remembrance Day to signify remembrance; the herb grows wild on the Gallipoli Peninsula, where many Australians died during World War I.[51]
Several Shakespeare plays refer to the use of rosemary in burial or memorial rites. In Shakespeare's Hamlet, Ophelia says, "There's rosemary, that's for remembrance. Pray you, love, remember."[52] It likewise appears in Shakespeare's Winter's Tale in Act 4 Scene 4, where Perdita talks about "Rosemary and Rue".[53] In Act 4 Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet, Friar Lawrence admonishes the Capulet household to "stick your rosemary on this fair corse, and as the custom is, and in her best array, bear her to church."[citation needed] It is also said that "In the language of flowers it means 'fidelity in love.'"[54]
In the Spanish fairy tale The Sprig of Rosemary, the heroine touches the hero with the titular sprig of rosemary in order to restore his magically lost memory.[55]
Rosemary is very important in Danube Swabian culture being used for christenings, weddings, burials and festivals; for example, an apple with a sprig of rosemary in it is present at Kirchweih celebrations.[56][57]